Improve performance of stim.Circuit.append

[Strilanc]

• Replace cast-catch patterns with pybind11::detail::make_caster patterns
• When a caster succeeds, and there are more items to look at, try to advance the loop while doing that caster again before trying other casters
• Add a fast path check for list/tuple arguments

Ultimately, this makes calling circuit.append("CX", [0, 1]) around 50x faster and calling circuit.append("CX", [0, 1] * 1000) around 350x faster (!).

Before (vs after references):

[<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<|....................] 9.1 ms (vs  27 us) (210 ktargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_int_in_large_chunks
[...*<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<|....................]  17 ms (vs 310 us) (110 ktargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_int_in_small_chunks
[<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<|....................] 6.6 ms (vs  24 us) (290 ktargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_gate_targets_in_large_chunks
[..................*<|....................]  79 us (vs  46 us) ( 25 Mtargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_pauli_strings_in_large_chunks
[....................*....................]  15 us (vs  15 us) (120 Mtargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_text_in_large_chunks
[....................*....................] 180 us (vs 180 us) ( 10 Mtargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_text_in_small_chunks

After:

[....................*....................]  24 us (vs  27 us) ( 80 Mtargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_int_in_large_chunks
[....................*....................] 320 us (vs 310 us) (6.2 Mtargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_int_in_small_chunks
[....................*....................]  24 us (vs  24 us) ( 82 Mtargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_gate_targets_in_large_chunks
[....................*....................]  44 us (vs  46 us) ( 45 Mtargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_pauli_strings_in_large_chunks
[....................*....................]  15 us (vs  15 us) (130 Mtargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_text_in_large_chunks
[....................*....................] 190 us (vs 180 us) ( 10 Mtargets/s) benchmark_circuit_append_text_in_small_chunks

Fixes #1087